Mathematics Homework Help

Spatial analysis is widely used to understand landscape patterns and the processes within them.There are countless applications for spatial analysis, whether you are identifying hotspot crime locations, investigating the potential impact of an oil spill, identifying areas susceptible to climate change, or figuring out where to establish the next vineyard.It can be an advantage in many disciplines and lines of work to have an understanding of how to go about these types of analyses.

The concepts of spatial analysis are based on Tobler’s First Law of Geography:

“Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things”.

Tobler’s Law applies to many things such as elevation, temperature, humidity, education levels, and income levels.For example, differences in temperature are often greater among locations that are further way from each other compared to those closer together.

We utilize measures of spatial autocorrelation to quantify the degree to which a variable is correlated with itself across space.(Spatial = space; auto = self; correlation = similarity).Based on Tobler’s Law, we expect measurements closer in space to have higher spatial autocorrelation.

To give you a sense of the power that computerized spatial analysis can offer, this lab walks you through how to investigate crime in Seattle.Your task is not to understand all of the R code (but please do try), but rather to use the code to produce some nice maps and interpret the results.

Start by putting the Lab_6 (unzipped) folder where you want to work with it.- Open the R script file (SpatialR_Lab_6.R) in R.

The lines of code in this script use the spatial data that are included in the same folder.Copy and paste the lines in it individually into the console.Complete the following questions in a separate Word document as you make your way through the code.Insert maps into the document where needed and include proper figure captions.Note that you may have difficulty getting the legends perfect when mapping in R, but do what you can.

Question 1:Submit the maps showing all crime locations within the Seattle boundary. (1 mark)

Question 2:Which type of crime occurs most frequently? (1 mark)

Question 3:Submit the multi-panel set of maps showing crime locations within Seattle, separated by crime type. (1 mark)

GEOG 3P22: Lab 5 Spatial Analysis of Crime in Seattle

2

Thematic Mapping Section:

Question 4:Submit the three-panel choropleth map of percentage of population in poverty.How do the different class intervals change your interpretation of the spatial distribution of poverty in Seattle? (3 marks)

Question 5:Submit the perspective map of Seattle crime density.This type of map is also referred to as a fishnet map.This type of map is useful for plotting two variables, however this map only shows one (crime density).What other variable might be useful to plot? (2 marks)

Nearest Neighbour Analysis:

Question 6: What is the mean nearest neighbour distance between crimes in Seattle?Explain in a sentence what the mean nearest neighbour distance is. (2 marks)

Question 7:Submit both maps identifying neighbours (using the Queen’s case first-order neighbours, and the 1-mile distance neighbours).What is the difference between the two methods? (2 marks)

Question 8:Report the output for the global Moran’s I test on the PctPov variable.What does this mean? (3 marks).

Question 9:Submit the LISA hotspot map.What do the blue and red block groups mean? (2 marks)

Question 10:How might you utilize spatial statistics to enhance the research study you are doing for this class? (3 marks)

Final submission of Lab 6 must include hard copies of the following: