Humanities Homework Help

I need help with a Humanities question. All explanations and answers will be used to help me learn.

SummaryThis chapter treats the development of Hellenic civilization from its Aegean (Minoan/Mycenaean) roots to the end of the Golden Age. Its primary focus is on the centrality of humanism and individualism in the Greek city-state (Athens in particular) and on the relationship between the self and society. These ideas are illustrated by means of three principal selections: the Iliad, Pericles’ Funeral Speech, and Sophocles’ Antigone. These works offer various perceptions of the shift from earlier beliefs that the destinies of human beings lay in the hands of the gods to the classical notion that humans shape their own destinies. The second portion of this chapter deals with the rise and development of Greek philosophy, the so-called “speculative leap” from supernatural to natural, rational explanations of the unknown. Pre-Socratic philosophers (Thales, Democritus, Pythagoras) are examined, followed by more extensive treatment of the humanist philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The Pre-Socratics tried to determine the basic stuff of nature and the ground of being. The Sophists and the humanistic philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, moved beyond natural physics to seek metaphysical truths concerning the nature of knowledge (how we know what we know) and the meaning of virtue and the good life. Study QuestionsFactual1. How did the geography of the Aegean influence the civilizations that grew up there?2. How does Achilles differ from Gilgamesh as an epic hero? Is Achilles as concerned about life after death?3. Describe and evaluate Athenian democracy.4. Who was Pericles? What is the theme of the Funeral Speech? In what ways does Pericles find Athens unique? What does Pericles mean when he says, “Athens is the school of Hellas”?5. Why is the fifth century B.C.E. in Athens referred to as a Golden Age?6. What was the basis of the conflict between Antigone and Creon?7. How many people die in Antigone? What causes these deaths?8. What, according to Thales, was the single, unifying substance of nature? Why, in his view, was this so?9. Who was Crito? What arguments does Socrates give Crito for refusing to escape from prison?10. What is the “dialectical method”?11. Define allegory in your own words. Explain the main elements of the allegory in the excerpt from the Republic.12.According to Plato, who should rule society? Why?13. In Aristotle’s view, which is more important, the individual or the state? What did Aristotle mean by saying, “Man is a political animal”?allegory: a literary device in which objects, persons, or actions are equated with secondary, figurative meanings that underlie their literal meaningamphora: a two-handled vessel used for oil or wine (see Figures 4.7 and 5.4)antagonist: the character that directly opposes the protagonist in drama or fictioncatalog: a list of people, things, or attributes, characteristic of biblical and Homeric literaturedemocracy: a government in which supreme power is vested in the people

dialectical method: a question-and-answer style of inquiry made famous by Socratesempirical method: a method of inquiry dependent on direct experience or observationepithet: a characterizing word or phrase; in Homeric verse, a compound adjective used to identify a person or thingethics: that branch of philosophy that sets forth the principles of human conducthubris: excessive pride; arroganceidealism (Platonic): the theory that holds that things in the material world are manifestations of an independent realm of unchanging, immaterial ideas of forms (see also Kantian idealism, chapter 25)oligarchy: a government in which power lies in the hands of an elite minorityprotagonist: the leading character in a play or storysyllogism: a deductive scheme of formal argument, consisting of two premises from which a conclusion may be drawndialectical method: a question-and-answer style of inquiry made famous by Socratesempirical method: a method of inquiry dependent on direct experience or observationepithet: a characterizing word or phrase; in Homeric verse, a compound adjective used to identify a person or thingethics: that branch of philosophy that sets forth the principles of human conducthubris: excessive pride; arroganceidealism (Platonic): the theory that holds that things in the material world are manifestations of an independent realm of unchanging, immaterial ideas of forms (see also Kantian idealism, chapter 25)oligarchy: a government in which power lies in the hands of an elite minorityprotagonist: the leading character in a play or storysyllogism: a deductive scheme of formal argument, consisting of two premises from wh