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Are usually very conspicuous and are very vulnerable to attacks from below

Can become completely invisible by spreading black cellular structures all over the body surface

Often have bioluminescent organs on the ventral surface

Cell membranes that are very rigid, to resist the high amount of water pressure in the deep sea

Male parasitism

The ability to illuminate prey using red bioluminescent light

Long, backward pointing teeth for predatory fishes

They are protistans

They are parasites living within the guts of bivalves

They live near sources of dissolved organic matter

Sulfur from the vents

Bacteria from the vents

Nitrogen from the vents

Is a border between the presence and absence of bacteria

Is always a horizontal surface

Is only found in deep sea sediments, near hydrothermal vents

Photosynthesis, sulfur reduction, methanogenesis, oxidation of organic matter

Methanogenesis, sulfur reduction, fermentation, photosynthesis

Oxidation of organic matter, fermentation, sulfur reduction, methanogenesis

High input of particulate organic matter (POM)

Low bacterial populations

Poor exchange of interstitial water with seawater

Cold seeps occur widely through the continental margins, whereas hydrothermal vents occur only along mid ocean ridges

Cold seeps typically have much higher food supply than hydrothermal vents, leading to much higher growth rates of organisms at cold seeps

For chemosynthesis, sulfides are commonly used by bacteria at cold seeps, and hydrocarbons are commonly used by bacteria at hydrothermal vents